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Computer Organization & Architecture
How a CPU really executes instructions: pipelines, caches and number representation.
Instruction Pipelining
How a CPU works on five instructions at once, like an assembly line. Watch instructions flow through IF, ID, EX, MEM and WB in 3D, and see stalls and forwarding fix data hazards.
Cache Memory Mapping
Why the same memory requests hit or miss depending on where blocks are allowed to go. Compare direct, set-associative and fully associative caches in 3D, with LRU replacement.
IEEE 754 Floating Point
How −6.75 becomes 32 bits. Build the sign, exponent and mantissa in 3D, and see why 0.1 can't be stored exactly.
Booth's Multiplication Algorithm
Multiply signed binary numbers with only add, subtract and shift. Watch the A, Q and Q₋₁ registers change bit by bit in 3D.
Restoring & Non-Restoring Division
Binary long division in hardware. Shift, try to subtract the divisor, and write 1 if it fits or 0 if not. Non-restoring skips the undo step.
Two's Complement
How computers store negative numbers. Invert the bits, add 1, and watch the sign bit take a negative weight.
Ripple-Carry Adder
Add two binary numbers with a chain of full adders and watch the carry ripple from the lowest bit to the highest.
About Computer Organization & Architecture
Inside every processor are tricks that make it fast. Watch instructions flow through a five-stage pipeline with stalls and forwarding, compare direct-mapped and set-associative caches, convert decimal numbers to IEEE 754 bits, and multiply signed numbers with Booth's algorithm, register by register. Two's complement and the ripple-carry adder show how the ALU handles negative numbers and carries.